Eric Hoffer in his book, The True Believer, Pages 12 and 13,
addresses what occurs when people in a mass movement are seeking substitutes. I
will record his paragraphs and then comment on them.
Hoffer (H after this): “ II The Desire for Substitutes
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There is a fundamental difference between the appeal of a
mass movement and the appeal of a practical organization. The practical
organization offers opportunities for self-advancement and its appeal is mainly
to self-interest. On the other hand, a mass movement, particularly in its
active, revivalist phase, appeals not to those intent of bolstering and
advancing a cherished self, but to those who crave to be rid of an unwanted
self. A mass movement attracts and holds a following not because it can satisfy
the desire for self-advancement, but because it can satisfy the passion for
self-renunciation.”
My response: People are attracted to what appeals to them,
and people motivated by self-esteem, self-interest, and self-advancement, they
will join practical organizations to make money, find meaning for their lives
and to change what needs to be changed in their lives, and for the community,
the government, and the country. When most people believe in the metanarrative
and culture that their stable society holds, their self-esteem generally is
intact, and they operate at room temperature.
When people, naturally discontented, no longer share or
believe in the culture, the traditions, the mores, the metanarrative promulgated
by their community or country, they take refuge in a replacement metanarrative
and new way of life, which the mass movement personifies, or at least is a
promising vehicle that will carry the frustrated masses to their destination, a
better, rewarding future.
The masses, lacking self-esteem under the discredited,
abandoned status quo, seek to escape from freedom and their utterly blemished
selves, to leave these unwanted, nauseating selves behind by scurrying into and
hiding from the accusatory selves, ensconced in the oblivion of the collective,
the mass movement. The mass movement appeals to the masses because
self-renunciation they are fleeing their miserable personal existences.
If one is an egoist like I am, one equates the collective
with evil, and the individual with goodness; in this light, masses of people
seeking self-renunciation by escaping into a passing mass movement is scary and
destructive, and it does not make me feel warm and fuzzy about mass movements
and its hordes on the march making history their way.
H: “People who see their lives as irremediably spoiled cannot
find a worth-while purpose in self-advancement. The prospect of an individual
career cannot stir them to a mighty effort, nor can it invoke in them faith and
a single-minded dedication. They look on self-interest as something tainted and
evil; something unclean and unlucky. Anything undertaken under the auspices of
the self seems to them foredoomed. Nothing that has its roots and reasons in
the self can be good and noble. Their innermost craving is for a new life—a rebirth—or,
failing this, a chance to acquire some new elements of pride, confidence, hope,
a sense of purpose and worth by identification with a holy cause. An active
mass movement offers them opportunities for both. If they join the movement as
full converts they are born to a new life in its close-knit collective body, or
if attracted as sympathizers they find elements of pride, confidence and
purpose by identifying themselves with the efforts, achievements and prospects
of the movements.
To the frustrated a mass movement offers substitutes either
for the whole self or for the elements that make life bearable and which they
cannot evoke out of their individual resources.”
My response: Hoffer is not an egoist in moral theory, but he
anticipates egoism-individualism that I espouse. He is a cultural believer in Judeo-Christian
morality, but he is for egoism enough to appreciate that self-interest and
individualism are important to happy, well-functioning adulthood.
The frustrated cannot find meaning and satisfaction through
self-advancement. Their single-minded dedication to and faith in their holy cause,
and the mass movement that carries it forth, is their substitute for
self-interested living as a separate individual. They substitute membership in
the mass movement for a fulfilling life as an individual, so their ethical
system is hyper-altruistic and collectivist.
I wish to assure any reader that no one is without talent or
the potential to lead a rich, full, satisfying, loving, happy life as an
accomplished individual, especially if she self-actualizes. She never lacked
the talent and possibility of leading a fulfilling personal life, but, she made
poor choices often enough, that she gave up on herself, and quit trying to grow
and excel on her own, so she concluded that renouncing the self, and running
off to live as an acolyte of the mass movement selected was her only option. It
never was her only option, but she believes that it is and times of historical
upheaval and uncertainty, can make many like her seek escape from the self and
from freedom by hiding in the nearby mass movement.
Her substitute life, her being reborn as a group myrmidon,
are the ambitions of a shattered personality, broken, incompetent to cope on
her own, feeling helpless and worthless.
H: “It is true that among the early adherents of a mass movement
there are also adventurers who join in hope that the movement will give a spin
to their wheel of fortune and whirl them to fame and power. On the other hand,
a degree of selfless dedication is sometimes displayed by those that join
corporations, orthodox political parties and other practical organizations.
Still the fact remains that a practical concern cannot endure unless it can
appeal to and satisfy self-interest, while the vigor and growth depends on its
capacity to evoke and satisfy the passion for self-renunciation. When a mass
movement begins to attract people who are interested in their individual
careers, it is a sign that it has passed its vigorous stage; that it is no
longer engaged in molding a new world but in possessing and preserving the
present. It ceases then to be a movement and becomes an enterprise. According
to Hitler, the more ‘posts and offices a movement has to hand out, the more
inferior stuff it will attract, and in the end these political hangers-on overwhelm
a successful party in such number that the honest fighter of former days no
longer recognizes the old movement . . . . When this happens, the ‘mission’ of
such a movement is done for.”
My response: Hoffer’s research and insights can teach us
about human nature. Practical concerns are more peaceful, less violent, not
fanatical, whose members are driven by self-interest and rational desire, not
fervency, passion, radicalism, and idealism. The practical members are
moderates, interested in the present and are reconciled to the present and
themselves; the true believers have renounced the present, renounced themselves
for total self-sacrifice to bring about a wonderful future visionary society
which might well be a disappointing hell. Once a movement is taken over by
careerists, it is run for the sake of present gain, not future sacrifice.
H on Pages 13 and 14: “The nature of the complete substitute
offered by conversion is discussed in the chapters of self-sacrifice and united
action in Part III. Here we shall deal with partial substitutes.”
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H: “Faith in a holy cause is to a considerable extent a
substitute for the loss of faith in ourselves.”
My response: We can remain individualists and even
individuators and still be heroic and self-sacrificing in service of a cause or
humanity, but it cannot be the fanatical, passionate, idolatrous worship of a cause,
now a god-substitute made holy; the individualist can follow his ideals and
values, but he must not renounce his own dignity and personhood, subsuming his
independence and very identity to the festishized abstraction that is now the
devotees identity and reason for living.
Faith in a holy cause is an altruistic self-renunciation and
self-immolation, and the self is a sacrificial offering to the religious
substitute, the leader or holy cause that one is idolizing.
One can and must retain one’s self-love and faith in oneself
while worshiping God and this is a healthy relationship and is egoistically
motivational on the part of the worshiping human. When one worships an
abstraction as a substitute for lost faith in oneself, one’s motivation is altruistic,
and it is a sick side of altruism on display here.
H: “ 9
The less justified a man is in claiming excellence for his
own self, the more ready is he to claim all excellence for his nation, his
religion, his race, his holy cause.”
My response: Why Hoffer did not come out as an avowed
egoist, I will never know, but he nailed it when indicating that the
incompetent, bumbling, insecure and self-doubting man has given up on himself,
then he will selflessly devote himself to advancing his religious substitute
beyond his flawed self, and his service to this holy cause is a religious
substitute, to compensate for the absence of a strong, healthy, binding and
mutual relationship between the believer and some benevolent deity.
H: “ 10
A man is likely to mind his own business when it is worth
minding. When it is not, he takes his mind off his own meaningless affairs by
minding other people’s business.
This minding of other people’s business expresses itself in
gossip, snooping and meddling, and also feverish interest in communal, national
and racial affairs. In running away from ourselves we either fall on our
neighbor’s shoulder or fly at his throat.”
My response: The altruist can be motivated by kindness, compassion,
and a passion for justice for all under the law, but much of altruism is
meddling in other people’s affairs. I believe the benevolent deities are Individualists
and Individuators, and that loving ourselves, them and others is best expressed
and exemplified by a lifetime of self-realization. That requires no more evil
altruism, meddling in the affairs of others, no more bossing them around, no
more holding them down and back in group-living and non-individuation.
H: “
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The burning conviction that we have a holy duty towards
others is often a way of attaching our drowning selves to a passing raft. What
looks like giving a hand is often holding on for dear life. Take away our holy
duties and you leave our lives puny and meaningless. There is no doubt that in
exchanging a self-centered for a selfless life we gain enormously in self-esteem.
The vanity of the selfless, even those who practice utmost humility, is
boundless.”
My response: If we love others, we let them go so they can
run their own lives, to think, create, invent and build, as creators building the
cosmos and dedicating the good deities, thereby growing the size of the divine
kingdom. That is the human mission on earth.
If all did this, there would be no puny or meaningless lives
lived, and, for God, it matters not how far one gets, but that one is
consistently working to grow and develop the self—this is key.
The fanatic is completely selfless and his vanity, gargantuan
self-esteem as one of the Elect is not genuine self-esteem of a maverizer. The
ego and self-esteem of the individuators is strong and confident but contained
and modest. He does not take himself too seriously and can laugh at himself.
H on Page 13 and 14: “ 12
One of the most potent attractions of a mass movement is its
offering of a substitute for individual hope. This attraction is particularly
effective in a society imbued with the idea of progress. For in the conception
of progress, ‘tomorrow’ looms large, and the frustration resulting from having
nothing to look forward to is the more poignant, Hermann Rauschning says of
pre-Hitlerian Germany that ‘The feeling of having come to the end of all things
was one of the worst troubles we endured after that lost war.’ In a modern
society a people can live without hope only when kept dazed and out of breath
when kept hustling. The despair brought by unemployment comes not only from the
threat of destitution, but from the sudden view of a vast nothingness ahead.
The unemployed are more likely to follow the peddlers of hope than the
handers-out of relief.
Mass movements are usually accused of doping their followers
with hope of the future while cheating them of the enjoyment of the present.
Yet to the frustrated the present is irremediably spoiled. Comforts and pleasures
cannot make it whole. No real content or comfort can ever arise in their minds
but from hope.”
My response: There is much going on in these two powerful
paragraphs. People are attracted to mass movements if they lose hope,
individual hope. If they can be offered the hope of a system of good values,
healthy religion, or the ethos of self-realization, then they will not lose
hope in themselves now or in the future, with no incentive to join a mass
movement to find some sense of a better tomorrow being forthcoming.
The postmodernists and Leftists instinctively recognize
that, by endlessly deconstructing and gaslighting the American and Western way
of life and its culture, if they can divorce the people from the traditional
metanarrative, they will have made them disaffected, anxious and frustrated
enough to be attractive to the peculiar hope of a coming socialist utopia just
around the bend.
There is also a hint here that people in Western or industrialized
societies, used to progress and change, bereft of individual hope, will be
tempted to seek substitute, negative, unfulfilling hope in a mass movement.